原标题：2021年北京大学哲学考研真题
科学技术史
一、名词解释
1.张衡
2.天体运行论
3.智慧宫
4.米利都学派
二、简答题
临哲学考研
1.中国发明指南针的意义
2.大学出现的社会背景
3.盖伦的医学成就
三、论述题
1.论述科举制对中国科学和技术的影响
2.论述17世纪英国技术和社会的关系
3.论述第二次科学革命时期技术对科学的作用
科学哲学
一.简答题
1.覆盖率
2.科学实在论
3.研究纲领
4.波普尔的科学划界标准
5.观察渗透理论
二、论述题
临哲学考研
1.论述归纳主义及其问题
2.论述何为常规科学
3.反科学
中国哲学史
一、名词解释(5×10 分)
1.忠恕
2.玄德
3.三表
4.太虚.
5.形而上
6.气质之性
二、简答题(10×6分)一
1.道通为一
护哲学考研
2.天人感应
3.不真空论
4.无极而太极
5.知行合一
6.血气心知
三、论述题(20×2 分)
1.荀子回应孟子性善论的一 段材料，分析材料中的人性论观点
2.论述道家传统对自然观念的理解
西方哲学史一
一、简答题
1.简述亚里士多德运动三本原
2.奥古斯丁为什么说真理是光照
3.霍布斯为什么说“哲学的方法是加减”
4.简述康德的“先验幻相”
二、问答题
1.分析伊奥尼亚学派与中达哥拉斯派“变与不变”，爱利亚派和元素
论“一与多”的观点
14
2.论述闸明黑格尔《精神现象学》中如何论述自我意识的?
西方哲学史二
一.简答题
1.简述笛卡尔如何论证错误的来源
2.简述贝克菜如何论证存在就是被感知
3.简述阿奎那如何说明存在与本质
4.苏格拉底对话中使用的方法目的、过程、结果说明，并引用理想国
第一卷里同时代的人对苏格拉底的反对
国古哲学考研
二、论述题
1.有人说伊壁鸠鲁的“快乐”来自于亚里士多德的“快乐”，请分别
解释两者并对其进行比较
2.论述康德先验唯心论的内容和动机
综合考试
中国哲学部分
一、简答题
1.尚同
2.以无为本
3.太虚即气尚同
二、论述题.
人之性恶，其善者伪也。.
面今人之性，生而有好利焉，顺是，故争夺生而辞让亡焉:生而有
疾恶焉，顺是，故残贼生而忠信亡局:生而有耳目之欲，有好声色焉,
顺是，故淫乱生而礼义文理亡焉。然则从人之性，顺人之情，必出于
争夺，合于犯分乱理，而归于暴。 故必将有师法之化，礼义之道，然
后出于辞让，合于文理，而归于治。用此观之，人之性恶明矣，其善
者伪也。
结合材料，分析荀子的观点。
现代西方哲学部分
简答题(四选三)
1.弗雷格如何用望远镜看月亮例子来说明指称、含义和观念
(idea)的区分
厄，
2.胡塞尔先验还原与本质还原的关系与区别
学店
3.a.The present King of France is bald
b.The present King of France is not bald
根据以上例子，两个相反命题同为假，违反排中律，简述罗素是
如何用摹状词理论为排中律辩护的?
4.海德格尔在世之在意味什么?
论述题(二选一)
1.举例论述并说明萨特的自欺理论
2.材料:
I can think of no better expression to characterize these similarities than“fumily
resemblances”; for the various resemblances between members of a family a build,
features, colour of cyes, gait, temperament, and so on and so forth a overlap and
criss-Cross in the same way. a And I shall say: ‘games’ form a family.
And likewise the kinds of number, for example, form a family. Why do we call
something a“number? Well, perhaps because it has 8- dircct- afnityt with
several things that have hitherto been called “number”。and this can be said to give it
an indirect afifnity with other things that we also call“numbers”. And we extend our
coneept of number, a in spinning a thread we twist ffibre on ffibre. And the strength
of the thread resides not in the fact that some one fifibre runs through its whole length,
but in the overlapping of many ffibres,
But if someone wanted to say,“So there is something common to all these
construtions a namely, the disjunction of all their common properties” a I’d reply:
Now you are only playing with a word. One might as well say, “There is a Something
that runs through the whole thread a namely. the continwous overlapping of these
ffibres”.
“Right; so in your view the concept of number is explained as the logical sum of
those individual interrelated concepts: cardinal numbers, rational numbers, real
numbers, and S0 forth; und in the same way, the concept of a game as the logical sum
of corresponding sub-concepts.”
This need not be so. For I can give the concept
of number rigid boundaries |33| in this way, that is, use the word“number” for a
rigidly bounded concept; but I can also use it so that the extension of the concept is
not closed by a boundary. And this is how we do use the word“game”. For how is the concept of a game bounded? What still counts as a game, and what no longer does?
Can you say where the boundaries are? No. You can draw some, for there aren’t any
drawn yet. (But this never bothered you before when you used the word“game*”)
“But then the use of the word is unregulated a the ‘game’ we play with it is
unregulated.”一It is not everywhere bounded by rules; but no more are there any
rules for how high one may throw the ball in tennis, or how hard, yet tennis is a game
for all that, and has rules too.
How would we explain to somneone what a game is? I think that we’d describe
games to him, and we might add to the description: “This and similar things are called
‘games.” And do we know any more our selves? Is it just that we can’t tell others
exactly what a game is? a But this is not ignorance. We don’t know the boundaries
because none have been drawn. To repeat, we can draw a boundary a for a special
purpose. Does it take this to make the concept usable? Not at al! Except pertups for
that special purpose. No more than it took the deffinition: 1 pace = 75 cm to make the
measure of length ‘one pace’ usable. And if you want to say“But sill, before that it
wasn’t an exact measure of length”, then I reply: all right, s0 it was an inexact one. a
Though you still owe me a definition of exactness.
Philosophical Investigations 67-69
(可能较真题原文有出入)
第二段材料为柏拉图Theaetetus (《泰阿泰德篇》)选段，苏格
拉底和泰阿泰德对知识的讨论，材料略。
分析二者在方法论.上的差异，并谈谈在“知识的本质”这一问题
上你选择哪一立场， 以及理由。
中国美学(含中国哲学)
一.名词解释(4×5 分)
1.忠恕
2.三远
3.畅神
4.刹那生灭
二、简答题(3×20分)
哲学考研
1.简述孟子 “以意逆志”
2.简述玄学“贵无”论
3.简述严羽“以禅喻诗”
三、论述题(2×35 分)
1.论述唐诗和宋词在形式美和审美理想上的异同
2.举例论述近代以来中国美学受西方思潮的影响
西方美学(含西方哲学)
一、名词解释(4×5分)
1.净化(亚里士多德)
2.无利害性(康德)
3.古典型艺术(黑格尔)
4.酒神精神(尼采)
二、简答题(50分)
1.在《诗学》中，亚里士多德说“诗是比历史更富有哲学性，更
严肃的艺术”，结合《诗学》这一.文本分析这句话的意涵(10 分) .
2.简述夏夫兹博里的美学思想(10 分)
3.评述康德的崇高理论(15 分)
4.简述和评论里普斯的“审美移情说”的意义(15 分)
三、论述题(2×25 分)
1.评述现代艺术概念的起源及其对美学史研究的意义
2.简述海德格尔在《艺术作品的本源》中的主要观点，并讨论其
对当今美学和艺术理论研究的意义
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