section ii use of english directions: read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet 1. (10 points) comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. yet much had happened 21 . as was discussed before, it was not 22 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23 , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 24 of the periodical. it was during the same time that the communications revolution 25 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 26 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 27 the 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane. not everyone sees that process in 28. it is important to do so. diffusion 传达 广泛in the wake of 在……之后in the company of 与……一同（呈现）periodical 期刊motion pictures 影片 it is generally recognized, 29, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 31 its impact on the media was not immediately 32 . as time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became "personal" too, as well as 33 , with display becoming sharper and storage 34 increasing. they were thought of, like people, 35 generations, with the distance between generations much 36. it was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the 37 within which we now live. the communications revolution has 38 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 39 views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "benefits" have been weighed 40 "harmful" outcomes.and generalizations have proved difficult. in terms of 根据；用…的话；就…而言；以…为单位 in perspective adv. 正确地，闪如今脑际中，契合透视法地 21. [a] between [b] before [c] since [d] later 22. [a] after [b] by [c] during [d] until 23. [a] means [b] method [c] medium [d] measure 24. [a] process [b] company [c] light [d] form 25. [a] gathered [b] speeded [c] worked [d] picked 26. [a] on [b] out [c] over [d] off 27. [a] of [b] for [c] beyond [d] into 28. [a] concept [b] dimension [c] effect [d] perspective 29. [a] indeed [b] hence [c] however [d] therefore 30. [a] brought [b] followed [c] stimulated [d] characterized 31. [a] unless [b] since [c] lest（只怕生怕） [d] although 32. [a] apparent [b] desirable [c] negative [d] plausible 33. [a] institutional [b] universal [c] fundamental [d] instrumental 34. [a] ability [b] capability [c] capacity [d] faculty 35. [a] by means of [b] in terms of [c] with regard to [d] in line with 36. [a] deeper [b] fewer [c] nearer [d] smaller 37. [a] context [b] range [c] scope [d] territory 38. [a] regarded [b] impressed [c] influenced [d] effected 39. [a] competitive [b] controversial [c] distracting [d] irrational 40. [a] above [b] upon [c] against [d] with between adv（当副词用）在中心pamphlet 小册子indeed 的确 实际上lead on through 引领……直到……weight against 权衡radically 完全地 急进地outcome 成果 作用in the light of 依照 根据 思考到……plausible 观念等的 形似有理的；甜言甘言的text 1 if you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. if you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. be in sympathy with 附和show sympathy for 对……标明怜惜 here is an example, which i heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. a man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by st. peter. he sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "who is that? " the new arrival asked st. peter. "oh, that’s god, " came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor. " grab 捉住；致使别人的留心 if you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. with other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as（因为） they will resent an outsider making disparaging（诋毁的） remarks about their canteen or their chairman. you will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the post office or the telephone system. appropriate 合适的 恰当的passing inedible [?n??d?b?l] 不能吃的 不合适食用的 notorious 臭名远扬的 身败名裂的disparaging 诋毁的 轻视的stick to恪守；保存；紧跟；忠于scapegoat 替罪羊 if you feel awkward being humorous（诙谐的 诙谐的）, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. awkward [??:kw?rd] 为难的 不便利的 笨拙的light-hearted 掉以轻心的 高枕无忧的off -the-cuff 即兴的off-the-shelt 现成的round-the-rock 不断昼夜的假定你觉得自个的诙谐生硬别扭，你就需要操练使它显得更天然，用一些随意的如同是信手拈来的言语来操练，要以轻松天然的方法来讲笑话，一般说话方法就会逗人发笑，所以你要逐渐的说，要记住，扬扬眉毛或许摆出不信赖的神态会让人晓得你在开玩笑。 look for the humor. it often comes from the unexpected. a twist on a familiar quote[kwo?t] "if at first you don’t succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. search for exaggeration and understatements. look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. twist：误解 曲解quote v 引文 引述 .n 引文；引语；语录understatement 不充分照实的陈述；轻描淡写的阐明pick out 1 分辩出 2挑出来 3使显着turn about 重复思考（ look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about ）寻找诙谐，一般是在出人意料的时分呈现。将我们了解的言语反说，如“假定一初步就不成功，那就扔掉”或许捉弄辞藻或许对场景玩笑开玩笑。夸大或许重事轻说皆会发生诙谐。注重自个的言语，挑出几个你能掌控的词句，并写入一些诙谐。41. to make your humor work, you should [a] take advantage of different kinds of audience. [b] make fun of the disorganized people. [c] address different problems to different people. [d] show sympathy for your listeners. 42. the joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are [a] impolite to new arrivals. [b] very conscious of their godlike role. [c] entitled to some privileges. [d] very busy even during lunch hours. 43. it can be inferred from the text that public services [a] have benefited many people. [b] are the focus of public attention. [c] are an inappropriate subject for humor. [d] have often been the laughing stock. 44. to achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered [a] in well-worded language. [b] as awkwardly as possible. [c] in exaggerated statements. [d] as casually as possible. 45. the best title for the text may be [a] use humor effectively. [b] various kinds of humor. [c] add humor to speech. [d] different humor strategies. text 2 since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. that compulsion has resulted in robotics–the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. and if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. dawn 拂晓 拂晓 初步devsie 方案创造 想出ingenuity 心灵手巧;长于创造创造（ingenious 活络的 有天才的 ）cunning adj 活络的 熟练的 奸刁的 adept adj 擅长……的，n.专家 ，能手confer 商谈;协商;交流定见 公布，赋予(权力、荣誉等)mechanical 机械的 as a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence[?pr?z?ns] we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. remove vt 去掉 开除 削减因而，当今世界越来越多的呈现智能化机械，咱们几乎不太留心他们的存在，可是它们的广泛存在现已减轻了不少人类劳作。our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. and thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy–far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. 咱们的工厂跟着机器人拼装臂的节奏嗡嗡作响automated teller 主动柜员机gizmo 小创造populate 居住于 日子于……hum 轰鸣声 v 宣告轰轰声assembly n 集会 设备thank to 幸而 因为miniaturization of electronics 电子技能的微型化 micro-mechanics微型机械技能 mechanics 机械学 技工 机械技能 but if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves–goals that pose a real challenge. "while we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says dave lavery, manager of a robotics program at nasa, "we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world. " utility 功用功效 【…public utilities such as gas, electricity and phones. 】煤气、电和电话等共用作业dynamic world 动态世界reliable 可靠的 靠得住的进行可靠的交流 咱们仍然不能赋予机器人满足的常识去与动态的世界进行可靠的交流 indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. quest 寻求 探究mixed result 翻译为喜忧参半的成果a spell of 一段时刻 spell n. 一段时刻 咒语 魅力initial 初步的 开始的 copy 仿制 （仿照）transistor circuits 晶体管电路 microprocessor 微处置器 what they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated–than previously imagined. they have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. but the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the m at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. the most advanced computer systems on earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it. 46. human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in [a] the use of machines to produce science fiction. [b] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry. [c] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work. [d] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work. 47. the word "gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means [a] programs. [b] experts. [c] devices. [d] creatures. 48. according to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can [a] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery. [b] interact with human beings verbally. [c] have a little common sense. [d] respond independently to a changing world. 49. besides reducing human labor, robots can also [a] make a few decisions for themselves. [b] deal with some errors with human intervention. [c] improve factory environments. [d] cultivate human creativity. 50. the author uses the example of a m to argue that robots are [a] expected to copy human brain in internal structure. [b] able to perceive abnormalities immediately. [c] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information. [d] best used in a controlled environment. text 3 could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? since opec agreed to supply-cuts in march, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last december. this near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. so where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? opec organization of petroleum export countries 石油输出国组织supply-cuts 削减 产量crude oil 原油barrel 桶 枪管 炮管scary adj 致使错愕的 惊吓 【be scared of 惧怕】 【 scare sb stiff 吓呆了】 【scare away/off 把……吓跑】 【she was scared out of wits 他被吓得不知所错】scareheadline；标题 头条新闻gloom 昏暗的 忧虑的doom n v 命运 厄运 射中注定 the oil price was given another push up this week when iraq suspended oil exports. strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term. in the short time 在短时期内这个星期，伊拉克暂停石油出口，这使油价进一步上涨，加上北半球正面临冬天，使得石油价格近期内还会上升。（winter grips the northern hemisphere北半球面临冬天 grip是捉住的意思，这儿法翻译的很奇妙，静静领会其间的意思） yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. in most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. in europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. crude oil原油muted 柔软的pump 气泵 pump price （油品）零价格格（出泵价格） rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. for each dollar of gdp (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. the oecd estimates in its latest economic outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of gdp.energy-intensive 动力密布型 动力耗费大的consultancy 征询作业殷实的国家与之前比较对石油的依靠变小了，所以关于油价的不坚决并不活络。能有维护，其他燃料的运用 以及降低动力密布型的重工业的重要性，都使石油耗费削减。软件、征询以及that is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. on the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies–to which heavy industry has shifted-have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. 因而，更可以会遭到石油危机的激烈影响（从字面意思来看seriously来标明一个受严峻的程度，squeeze标明“压” “困住”石油压着你就阐明你对石油具有很强的依靠性，受它影响）swing 摇晃 改变squeeze 揉捏 压榨 one more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. a sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. the economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. in 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%. one more（翻译为还有一个 另一个）【写作的好语句：one reason not to lose sleep over sth in ……is that ……一个让你关于某件事不会失眠的缘由是……】commodity 产品 货品i51. the main reason for the latest rise of oil price is [a] global inflation. [b] reduction in supply. [c] fast growth in economy. [d] iraq’s suspension of exports. 52. it can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if [a] price of crude rises. [b] commodity prices rise. [c] consumption rises. [d] oil taxes rise. 53. the estimates in economic outlook show that in rich countries [a] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive. [b] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices. [c] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed. [d] oil price changes have no significant impact on gdp. 54. we can draw a conclusion from the text that [a] oil-price shocks are less shocking now. [b] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks. [c] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices. [d] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry. 55. from the text we can see that the writer seems [a] optimistic. [b] sensitive. [c] gloomy. [d] scared.text 4 the supreme court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide canrry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. 抉择关于啥来说具有重要的意义decision （法院的）判决physician-assisted suicide 医生协助患者自杀implication 意义 意义；牵扯 relieve减轻（痛苦）清除seek to 设法 企图dying即即将死的人 岌岌可危的 病笃的 临终的最高法院关于医生协助患者自杀的判决关于如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦这一疑问具有重要意义 although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects–a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen–is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. in effect 实际上 实践上foreseen 预见actor 行为者 参加者尽管判决认为，宪法没有赋予医生协助患者自杀的权力，可是最高法院实践上却认可了医疗界的双效原则，这个存在了几个世纪的道德原则（holding）认为假定氖亟谫动有两层作用（期望抵达的好作用和可以预见的坏作用），那么只需行为施行是想抵达好的作用，这个行为就是可以被施行的。 doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. justify 证明……有理 为……辩解morphine 吗啡terminally ill patient 病危者eventually 究竟dosage剂量 nancy dubler, director of montefiore medical center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death." hasten 加速strongly insist 坚持认为坚持认为假定加大药物的剂量会加速患者的去世，那么就不能这样做 george annas, chair of the health law department at boston university, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has d
one nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "it’s like surgery, "he says."we don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. if you’re a physician,you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide." homicides 杀人george annas这自个坚持：只需医生出于合理的医疗意图的用药，即便服用此药会加速患者的去世，医生的行为也没有违法。假定你是一名医生，只需你没想着让患者自杀，你就可以冒着患者可以自杀的风险去给他们看病。（省掉的很凶狠，根据意思自个适度的加点言语然后翻译） on another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. on another level 另一方面fuel n 是燃料 v 影响 使……加剧 火上浇油 作业的加剧 升温另一方面，许多医疗界人士招认，致使协助自杀这场争论升温的有些缘由是因为患者的绝望心境和，对患者来说，现代医学延伸了临终前肉体的苦楚。 just three weeks before the court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the national academy of science (nas) released a two-volume report, approaching death: improving care at the end of life. it identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. dishonor 侮辱 使丢人ruling（rule）care 1.关怀 2.维护 照看forced medicine procedures 强行性的医疗办法在法院断定医生协助自杀的三周前，全国科学学会发布了一份两卷的陈述《接近去世：完善临终维护》，该陈述中指出。医院临终关怀并存着两个疑问：对患者痛苦医治不当，无效而强行性的医疗办法，这些办法可以会延伸濒死期，甚至会让患者临死前苦不堪言。 the profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. therapy 疗法 心里疗法aggressive 侵略的，侵略的，攻势的；（美）有前进心的，活泼行为的；有前进心的take steps 采纳措置……hospice 临终安养院 ，（晚期患者的）安养院；收留所，救助院medicare 晚年保健医疗制treat 处置；医治；请客 款待；很超卓的东西the profession 指的是专业这儿就是指医学界 医疗作业医疗作业正在采纳措置，让年青的医生去晚期医院承受培训，对各种斗胆的镇痛疗法方面的常识进行评价，为医院维护拟定一份契合美国医疗保证方案的付款规则，以及为评价和医治临终苦楚拟定新的标准。 annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, " to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." he says medical licensing boards "must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension." 【苦楚的去世指的是人苦楚的去世 这儿省掉了patient】insist 坚持;坚决认为(或主张、需求)well-meaning好心的 initiative 主动性 建议translate into 把……翻译成，这儿就是变成……的意思needlessly 不必要地predictably 可预见地systematic 有体系的，有规则的；有条有理的；有进程的；一贯的，惯常的 constitute 构成……（违法）make it clear 明切标明不少医生关于患者所遭受的没有必要的，可预见性的苦楚无动于衷，甚至于构成“成心优待患者”56. from the first three paragraphs, we learn that [a] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain. [b] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives. [c] the supreme court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide. [d] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide. 57. which of the following statements is true according to the text? [a] doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death. [b] modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery. [c] the court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed. [d] a doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions. 58. according to the nas’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is [a] prolonged medical procedures. [b] inadequate treatment of pain. [c] systematic drug abuse. [d] insufficient hospital care. 59. which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (line 4, paragraph 7)? [a] bold. （斗胆的）[b] harmful. [c] careless. [d] desperate. 60. george annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they [a] manage their patients incompetently. [b] give patients more medicine than needed. [c] reduce dmg dosages for their patients. [d] prolong the needless suffering of the patients.translatealmost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. what is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.involve 一个是包括另一个是触及，在这是触及的意思几乎一切重要重要的疑问都触及到人类行为alone adj. 单独的;绝无仅有的;单独的adv. 单独地;单独地;孑立地;只，只需在句中alone的词性是副词咱们碰到的几乎一切重要疑问都触及到人类行为，而这些疑问仅靠物理和生物技能办法是无法处置的，当?枰氖且恢盅刑秩死嘈形募寄埽饫嗉寄艿难刑址⒄购苈?1) 【one difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.】trace to 寻找……本源 （trace 本源 查询 探究）feelings 情感 豪情面临的困难之一就是所谓的行为科学几乎都需要从心态 情感 性格特征 人道等方面寻找行为的本源。physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded themdiscard 扔掉 丢掉advanced 向前的 高档的 晚期的物理学和生物学的办法很类似。只消除他们，研讨才干向前打开. 62) the behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.】行为科学改动很慢的有些缘由是用来说明行为根据如同一般是直接调查得到，有些缘由是其他的说明方法一向很难找到。the environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. it does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. obviously = very adv显着地环境具有很显着的重要性，可是其作用仍然迷糊不清，环境不具拉动或许推进的作用，可是它有选择的作用，而这一作用很难发现和很难对其进行分析。63) the role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. formulate 想象出 ；清楚表达;体系论说role 作用 方位a little more than a hundred years 一百多年天然界的进化作用只是在一百多年前得以论说，环境在描写和坚持自个行为时所起的的选择作用才刚刚初步被认知和研讨as the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. it will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.entrenched 根深柢固的 entrench 使（权力、风俗、观念等）根深柢固accessible condition 可使用的条件prescientific 科学早年的dignity 庄严跟着我们初步逐步晓得有机体和环境之间的交互作用，早年曾被认为是影响要素的如心态、情感、以及特征等初步被从可使用的条件去寻求其来历。有可以变成一种研讨行为的技能办法，可是只需这种技能办法替代了传统的、近代科学早年的观念时才干处置这些疑问，而这些传统观念已根深柢固。安适与庄严阐明晰困难之地址。64) they are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. autonomous [?:?tɑ:n?m?s] 自治的give credit for赞扬 称誉；给予……应有的招认be the possessions of……他们是传统理论中的自立人所具有的（在传统理论中，他们是自立人所具有的）翻译的时分先翻译其定语：they are essential to practice 是practice重要所今后边的定语从句润饰的是practice，，自个须对自个的行为担任，而且应对其作出的奉献给予赞扬，在实习活动中，安适与庄严是重要的。a scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. it also raises questions concerning "values." who will use a technology and to what ends? 科学分析把责任和作用转移到了环境上来研讨，这相同提出了关于价值观的疑问，谁将使用这一办法，抵达啥意图？65) until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 假定这些疑问得不处处置，研讨行为的技能办法就会持续遭到架空，处置咱们疑问的仅有办法也可以随之收到架空。with标明与前面的标明并排！前边的内容遭到reject后边的内容相同遭到reject。