2014年南京大学963英语言语学考研真题
第一题，术语区别题。四组术语，24分。
1.phoneme vs. allophone
2.homonymy vs. homophony
3.illocutionary act vs. perlocutionary act
4.language switch vs. l1 transfer
第二题，选择题，查询的都是基础常识，10小题，共30分。
第三题，分析题。给出几个语句，需求先填写名词前的冠词或复数后缀-s；然后总结出运用冠词或复数后缀-s的一般方法（common pattern）。
第四题，分析题，查询的常识点是歧义（ambiguity）。给出两句话，需求先答复这两句话有无歧义，并写出每句话的不一样了解，再分析这两句话发生歧义的缘由是不是相同。
1.the children play near the bank.
2. the professor said on monday that he would give an exam.
显着，第一句话中的bank触及lexical ambiguity, 而第二句话中的on monday既可润饰said，又可润饰would give an exam，归于grammatical/structural ambiguity。
第五题，分析题，查询隐喻。给出美国报刊（记住如同是年代周刊）上的一段话，需求辨认哪些词运用了隐喻，并写出其概念隐喻。
第六题，分析题，查询协作原则的原则，标题如同是课来历题。给出几句话，需求辨认这些话违背了哪些原则，答复是不是the hedging efforts suggest the plausibility of the cp.
第七题，分析题，查询cohesion和 coherence。给出一段话，需求辨认触及到的cohesive devices；评价其coherence；对原文批改，并说出做出批改的理由。
第8题，分析题，查询communication strategy。有三问，别离是界说，5种常见类型，运用交际战略的优缺陷（pros and cons）。这道题如同也是课来历题。
2013年南京大学963英语言语学考研真题
第一题，术语区别
1.fricative vs. affricate
2.meronymy vs. hyponymy
3.positive face vs. negative face
4.sense vs. reference
比较之下，本年该题偏简略，第一个不理解，后三个都是很根柢的概念，平常温习留心总结，联系比方用自个的言语表达出来即可。
第二题，仍然是二分法
1.internationalization
2. the weather in chicago today is no good for watching cricket.
第三题，选择，需求找出四个选项中与其他三个选项不一样的那个选项，并用一句?得鳎?0道题，每题3分，该题大有些都是刘新仁那本言语学第二、第三章的内容，语音，重读，要素，词类，构词法根柢各一题。另外还考了一道semantic relation,这个根柢近几年每年都考，这个是要点，也简略了解，这几分必定得拿到手，因为根柢上没人失分。最终一道是语用学里的，speech act theory.
第四题，简答题，给了5个新闻标题，要咱们分析，what rules are there when we write elliptical english newspaper headlines?
(1) 3 arrested in new orleans hospital
(2) blast kills 53 in iraq holy city
(3) mission applauded as shuttle returns
(4) u.s. at odds with allies on mideast conflicts
(5) optimism on both sides of gay-marriage debate
然后再为今日的考试写一个新闻标题
第五题，简答题。irregular verbs “go” “come”, their past-tense are “went” “came”. 再举出两个这样的比方，然后总结它们的一起特征。并从这些特征研讨英语构词法。
第六题，简答题。两种动词，drive，finish，其间drive可以跟for+ time, finish 跟in +time,反之不对，分析这两种动词，并用这两个词造两个凌乱的语句。
第七题，两个笑话，要用言语学术语分析它们为啥可笑。
(1) baby pig—piglet
然后 baby toy 大约是？——toilet 这个大约是overgeneralization
(2) a: william has asked me for a loan of five pounds. should i be doing right in lending it to him?
b: certainly.
a: why?
b: because otherwise he would try to borrow it from me.
第8题，charterizing learners’ english proficiency often calls for a meticulous analysis of their output, written or spoken, in terms of accuracy, complexity, fluency, and idiomaticity. how can the four items be measured specifically?
考研真题精选
一、填空题
1. chomsky proposes that the course of language acquisition is determined by a(n) _____ language faculty.[中山大学2021研]
【答案】innate查看答案
【解析】乔姆斯基认为言语习得的进程是由人的内在言语机制抉择的。
2. _____ refers to the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. religious, legal).[北二外2016研]
【答案】function查看答案
【解析】本题查询言语学中对“言语的功用”的界说。功用指的是言语在交流中(例如表旷达点、情绪)或在特定交际场合（如宗教、法令）中所起的作用。
3. human language is arbitrary. this refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _____ it is associated with.[人大2007研]
【答案】meaning查看答案
【解析】索绪尔认为符号的方法或声响与其意义之间没有逻辑联络，所以两者之间的联络是任意的。
4. some sentences do not describe things. they cannot be said to be true or false. the utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. they are called _____.[大连外国语学院2008研]
【答案】performative查看答案
【解析】诗为句是用来干事的，既不陈述实际，也不描绘情况，且不能验证其真假。
5. phonetics is the study of _____ sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning.[北京邮电大学2015研]
【答案】speech查看答案
【解析】本题查询语音学和音系学的意义。语音学研讨语音的发生、传递和感知。音系学研讨的是言语的语音体系。换句?担粝笛а刑值氖撬祷叭宋泶镆庖宥逑档匮≡裼镆舻陌旆ā?br>
6. a principal distinction between morphology and syntax is that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word, whereas the latter is concerned with _____ of words.[中山大学2021研]
【答案】combinations查看答案
【解析】morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. it studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.
7. one of the important distinctions in linguistics is _____ and performance.[人大2006研]
【答案】competence查看答案
【解析】言语才能指抱负的言语运用者关于言语规则的言语常识，言语使用指言语交际中关于言语规则常识的实践运用。
8. when a word appears in a variety of forms depending on its grammatical role in the sentence we say that it undergoes _____.[中山大学2021研]
【答案】inflection查看答案
【解析】曲折改变是指经过添加曲折词缀，如数，人称，限制性，体和格等来标明某词语法联络的改变。
9. _____ is said of the study of development of language and languages over time.[北二外2016研]
【答案】diachronic查看答案
【解析】本题查询历时性的界说。言语的历时性指言语随时刻的连续而引发的改变。言语的历时性是相关于言语的共时性而言的，共时性言语学是研讨理论上处于一个时点的言语，描绘言语的一个“状况”，不管正在发生哪些改变。
10. when air is forced out of the lungs, it causes the _____ _____ to vibrate.[中山大学2021研]
【答案】vocal folds查看答案
【解析】语音发生是以气流为能量来历的。在大大都情况下，气流源自肺部，气流从肺中压出，致使声带的振荡。
11. _____ is the study of speech sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. the first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.[北京邮电大学2016研]
【答案】phonetics查看答案
【解析】本题查询语音学和音系学的意义。语音学研讨语音的发生、传递和感知。音系学研讨的是言语的语音体系。换句?担粝笛а刑值氖撬祷叭宋泶镆庖宥逑档匮≡裼镆舻陌旆ā?br>
12. when language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is _____ function.[北二外2015研]
【答案】phatic查看答案
【解析】本题查询言语的问长问短功用。问长问短功用是言语最根柢的一项功用。我们用问长问短语来营建一种气氛或坚持社会联络而非交流信息。我们运用问长问短语就是为了陡峭说话两边的联络，一起使说话两边从心思上得到满足。
13. language is a form of human communication by means of a system of _____ principally transmitted by vocal sounds.[中山大学2021研]
【答案】symbols查看答案
【解析】language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
14. syntax is the study of how words combine to make sentences. the order of words in sentences varies from language to language. english language, for instance, generally follows a _____ order, as in the sentence “the dog 
(subject) bit (verb) the man (object).”[北京邮电大学2016研]
【答案】svo查看答案
【解析】本题查询英语句子的语序。英语句子的根柢语序是主谓宾规划。
15. _____ is the name for oppositeness relation.[北二外2015研]
【答案】antonymy查看答案
【解析】本题查询反义的语义联络。反义联络就是相反的语义联络。
16. swiss linguist ferdinand de saussure (1857—1913) was the first to notice the complexities of language. he believed that language is a system of signs. to communicate ideas, _____ must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. he held that the sign is the union of the _____ and the signified.[北京邮电大学2015研]
【答案】sounds, signifier查看答案
【解析】本题查询关于言语作为符号体系的观念。他认为言语是一个符号体系，声响只需作为该符号体系的一有些才干被视作言语。符号包括两方面，能指和所指。
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来历：弘博学习网